The module covers the diverse nature of ores and their classification; ore-forming processes and the controls to ore formation. Hydrothermal fluids - their nature and origin; major metalliferous ore deposit associations in sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks; industrial minerals; ore microscopy; methods of mining and processing; the economics of the commodity markets - the influences of supply, demand and prices, and future trends. The course discusses sustainable mining techniques and eco-compatible mineral extraction methods.