“Not empiricism and yet realism in philosophy, that is the hardest thing” (Wittgenstein). This course explores the attempts to respond to Wittgenstein’s desire for philosophical realism by pragmatists and those critics who take Wittgenstein’s work as a starting point. Beginning with Bernard Williams’ influential criticism of the latter’s supposed idealism, the course introduces Rorty’s work post-Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature and concludes with Huw Price’s version of pragmatism.